INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 13 – Saturday, 19 Dec 2009
Headline News
• Copenhagen Accord released. Well below expectations – not legally binding, no ‘lock-in’ of targets. But gets support from several regions around the world – a good starting point say many
• 26 nations representative of all regional groupings discuss US/BASIC draft and rubber stamp the political agreement. All in all, over 110 heads of state attend COP15
• “Copenhagen Accord is amicable – not the best, but a beginning that can migrate to bigger ambitions” – President Nasheed of the Maldives
• Countries have up to 1 February 2010 to put down their commitments into annexes of Copenhagen Accord
• India plays a strong supporting role for the Accord. Continues calls for no reference to ‘legally-binding’ in either the Accord (a demand it won) or the two-track BAP approach which will continue into 2010 at COP16 in Mexico
Key issues of the day
In a day on which the 18th and the 19th merged – after almost 48 hours of continuous negotiations- and saw intense high-level discussions by no less than 26 heads of state, weary delegates sat down to decide the fate of the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord was a political statement drafted by President Obama with the heads of China, India, Brazil and South African –and subsequently acceded to by 26 Heads of State and their representatives.
The final draft of the Copenhagen Accord itself falls severely short of expectations, particularly if the asks of the science and the ambitions of the past two years are taken into account. However, those seeking to put a positive interpretation of the Accord point to the level of engagement it has secured from all parts of the world, and – in the words of Yvo de Boer –it marks a serious ‘Letter of Intent’ with the potential of doing for the climate what fifteen years of negotiations before this have failed to achieve.
What is it? A political statement initially drafted by President Barack Obama along with the heads of state of the BASIC countries – China, India, Brazil and South Africa, and refined after extensive consultations with a total of 26 heads of state, representing between them, all regional groupings.
What it says [what it doesn’t say in red]:
• Deep cuts in global emissions to limit temperature rise 2 degrees C. [No specific targets for emission cuts, targets for developed countries and deviation from business as usual for developing countries, no time limit for mid-term and long-term global goals]
• Peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible [No peaking year despite IPCC guidelines]
• Enhanced action on adaptation particularly in small island states, Africa and least developed countries
• Industrialised countries to implement (individually or jointly) economy-wide emission targets for 2020. Delivery of reductions and financing will be subject to measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) as per Convention guidelines (existing or adopted in future) [No details on proportion of offsets, no compulsion (legal) to set or meet targets or financial commitments]
• Non Annex-I Parties (NAI) will implement mitigation actions – subsequent actions will be communicated through National Communications every two years, unsupported mitigation actions must be subject to domestic MRV, supported actions to international MRV. Action by small island states and LDCs to be voluntary and support-based. [For major economies no required deviation from BAU, details on national MRV procedures]
• Scaled-up, new and additional financing and improved access to the finance with specific focus on mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer, capacity building and reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). 30 billion USD fast-start financing for 2010-12, and 100 billion USD per year by 2020, particularly through a Green Climate Fund through a variety of sources. [Proportion from public financing, proportion by developed country, converting pledges into action, mode of disbursing finance]
• Assess implementation of this Accord by 2015 [still no mention of legally binding anywhere]
While a much stronger political statement was expected, it was clear by the end of the first week itself that the negotiators did not have the go-ahead to put concrete figures down. Arguments and areas of divergence still focused around known sticky issues, and – as it turns out – intense negotiations at the ministerial level did not yield any results either. Ministers stuck to their ‘briefs’ and ‘red-lines’, while still hoping for a miracle from fellow ministers or negotiators.
As Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer said, a ‘normal’ high-level segment of such a conference would imply that Heads of State would come to the table only to solve the outstanding issues, and sign the final political statement, not sit down over several hours to personally draft the text. Seen in that light, leaders deserve credit for not allowing the climate talks to go the WTO route, and leaving with nothing at all.
A gathering of heads of state was as unlikely in the past as it is in the future. While leaders did their jobs, one wonders what went wrong at the COP and CMP process. Several countries supported the adoption of the Copenhagen Accord, saying that while their Prime Ministers or Presidents may not have been present at the drafting table, their representatives, either through the AOSIS, SIDS, LDCs or Africa Group for instance, were present.
The COP President asked that Parties in favour of the Accord to support it by adding their names to it by 1st February 2010, given that the names of Heads of State of representatives who were involved in the drafting would be in the Accord statement.
Sudan’s direct references to the President or his country producing the document which was ‘murderous’ and a document ‘devoid of responsibility, morality and on solutions based on values that tunneled 6 million people in Europe to furnaces’ did not go down well with many delegations, some of whom asked for the statement to be retracted.
President Nasheed of the Maldives, himself present at the COP and CMP Plenaries, said that while he would be the ‘first to be unsatisfied’, and that the document was not what ‘we were seeking’, it was ‘amicable’. He stressed that this document was a beginning, and allows Parties to continue negotiations and have a proper legally binding agreement within 2010. Fearful that there was real danger of the UNFCCC talks going the same was as the WTO and other multilateral agreements, he said ‘I beg you all to please back this document and do not let these talks collapse’.
Papua New Guinea highlighted the fact that while Annex I countries were willing to be more ambitious in their targets, the flaws were due to ‘us G77 members ourselves’ who cut the ambition down.
For much of the Plenary discussion, India kept a low-profile choosing to intervene only to reject suggestions by other Parties that the Accord be legally binding or that the outcomes of the two-track approach under the Bali Action Plan would be legally-binding.
The Government of India had secured its ‘red lines’ of not permitting any legally binding commitments or any reference to a peaking year for global emissions.
The wisdom of this approach will be revealed in years to come when the efficacy – or not – of this bolted-on ‘Non-agreement’ in addressing the climate crisis becomes apparent.
NB.: For a CSM comment on the Copenhagen negotiations, please see ‘Copenhagen – Munich of our times’ an opinion piece by Malini Mehra on her ‘Honest Opinion’ column on the CSM Portal – www.climatechallengeindia.org
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 12 – Friday 18 Dec 2009
Headline News
• Obama walks into BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India & China) Heads of State (HOS) meeting. Spends four hours and emerges with a joint ‘Copenhagen Accord’ text drafted with HOS of India, China, Brazil and South Africa. This then presented to 20 odd countries and regions for agreement.
• A downbeat last or penultimate day for negotiators. Speeches by Heads of States all day. But COP meeting starts talking about COP 16, 17 and 18 already.
• Obama calls for action – says nations can act boldly in the face of this climate threat. Offers conditional cooperation and financial aid from US if there is participation from all major economies and transparency in reporting. Convenes two multilateral meetings with other Heads of State.
• Chinese Premier says China willing to do its share, take concessions on monitoring. Will go ahead with plans irrespective of Copenhagen outcome. Lacklustre speech by India’s Dr Manmohan Sing, restating well-known positions. Brazil’s President Lula comes out shining – wants no money for domestic action, will give developing countries money for action
Key issues of the day
President Obama arrived this morning and cancelled his one-on-one meeting with Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen to go into a multilateral meeting with several heads of state including Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. Obama gives a much-awaiting speech at the informal High Level Segment convened by the Danish Prime Minister, but little new offered to what Hilary Clinton had announced yesterday. Makes a dig at China and says US will honor its commitments.
The Heads of State of the ‘make-or-break’ nations – United States and China also met for an hour before the informal high-level meet. While a White House official said ‘they made progress’, details of their discussions are not known. However, it is reported that the two leaders asked their negotiators to have a one-on-one after the meeting to follow up.
High drama and a turning point took place in an action-packed day (and night), when President Obama strode into a meeting of the Heads of State of the BASIC country group – Brazil, South Africa, India and China, saying ‘we really need a deal’. In an open attempt to persuade the BASIC countries agree to a consensus draft, he reportedly said ‘it is better to take one step forward than two steps back. I’m willing to be flexible’.
The essentials of the 3-page ‘Copenhagen Accord’ were thrashed out by heads of state of the four emerging economies and the United States. Reportedly the US, China and India in the lead, with Brazil as a bridge and South Africa a somewhat conflicted fifth party. Details were left for negotiators to figure out.
Upon being presented with a ‘fait accompli to the Plenary, angry ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas) countries, Bolivia and Venezuela, left the talks – reportedly upset over lack of transparency in the process – but returned to lay into the process in the COP Plenary session.
President Obama’s speech was seen as lacking in ambition and perceived by many as a pitch for US action, rather than providing hope and proving his ‘Yes, we can’ motto. Calling for ‘actions and not talks’, he asked all nations to act ‘boldly on climate change’. However, other than telling counterparts gathered at the meeting about existing domestic actions, and re-announcing Hillary Clinton’s offer to partake in a USD 100 billion climate finance fund, nothing new was offered up on the table. He gave no new hope, and made no new offers.
His speech made no reference to the Bali Action Plan (leave alone the Kyoto Protocol), nor promise to push harder for a legislation in the US Senate. President Obama called for a ‘broader accord’ to which the United States would be a part, if and only if all major economies came one board with ‘decisive national actions to combat climate change’, mechanisms for the review of commitments through a ‘transparent’ process, and financing both in the short term and post 2012. While he mentioned ‘common but differentiated responses’ (instead of ‘responsibilities’ – perhaps a slip of the tongue), he asked to ‘chose the future over the past’.
Reactions to Obama’s speech varied and the extremes were reflected in Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez’s highly-critical speech attacking capitalism and the USA where he scoffed at the US offer to help raise $100 billion in long-term finance for developing countries, saying that the US spent more on its annual defence budget of $700 billion.
Despite the BASIC-US deal, the COP did not take up this accord under formal negotiations, owing to objections from Parties. Delegations maintained their positions on fundamental issues, and a lack of consensus meant that ‘consultations’ would have to be undertaken in the following year. Discussions regarding the hosting of following COPs were also among other things discussed.
Focus on the GOI
India has said the outcome here at Copenhagen may fall well short of expectations at these negotiations, but that “India is willing to do its part to meet the climate challenge.” Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said “whatever emerges from these negotiations must address the glaring injustice of those least responsible for climate change being the most seriously affected by it.”
While Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said the outcome from Copenhagen may not be as expected, Copenhagen can “become a significant milestone”. Singh supported the call for subsequent negotiations towards building a global collaborative response to climate change talks being concluded in 2010.
However, he called for three lessons to guide future efforts: (a) sticking to the Convention, (b) keeping the Kyoto Protocol as the valid legal instrument, and (c) respecting the need for development and growth in developing countries. He called for equitable burden sharing to underlie any effective global regime, while reiterating that India has a vital stake in the success of these negotiations.
Mr. Singh said “each one of us acknowledges that those worst affected are the least responsible for it. Whatever emerges from out negotiations here must address this glaring injustice – to countries of Africa, LDCs and to SIDS, whose very survival as viable nations is in jeopardy. We in India are also very vulnerable, but as responsible citizens of the globe, we have agreed to voluntary targets of emission intensity reduction of GDP growth of 20% by 2020. We will deliver on goal regardless of outcome of this conference, and can do more if there is a supportive regime in place. “
In an interview to NDTV in India, Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Dr Farooq Abdullah, said there were no inconsistencies in India’s positions nationally and internationally, and hoped that the US would come forward and play an active role in stopping climate change. He said that while the talks might be failing, the world is still fighting, and the Prime Minister is there to show that “India means business.”
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 11 – Thursday 17 Dec 2009
Headline News
• Almost two days lost over procedural wrangling. Heads of State now arriving but no text for them to consider. Negotiators not been able to deliver a text due to persistent divergences and suspicions over which text would go forward. ‘Politicans talk, leaders lead.’ Now political leaders need to rise above procedural politics and be ready to take hard decisions.
• Danish Presidency finally brings clarity on way forward. Connie Hedegaard appointed to chair work under two separate tracks – KP and LCA. No text other than Chairs’ texts to be used for negotiations (i.e. no Danish/ BASIC/ other text to be used). Negotiations finally resume under these two tracks with KP starting first, followed by LCA – as forcefully insisted on by G77/ China for past two days. A victory for the G77.
• US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, arrives in Copenhagen with surprise announcement: US will contribute to mobilizing a global fund of USD 100 billion a year by 2020 for poor and vulnerable countries on condition that major economies take meaningful mitigation actions and agree to full transparency. This could be the deadlock-breaker.
• China added further excitement by a significant announcement designed to address key US red line on ‘transparency’ of mitigation efforts. Vice foreign affairs minister, Hu Fei, said China would enhance and improve national communications on carbon emissions to improve transparency – including considering submitting reports for international review.
• PM Manmohan Singh leaves for Copenhagen. Says India willing to do more, and ‘looks forward to constructive talks’. Jairam Ramesh has talks with Hillary Clinton; says they agree 75% on 4-point agenda for transparency, 25% disagreement remains.
• French show leadership role: President Sarkozy makes impassioned, workmanlike speech – issues call for Heads to work throughout the night to ensure a deal is ready for tomorrow. Asks to keep historical responsibility, Kyoto and a six month deadline for a legal text. Says France and EU ready to negotiate and will stand by Africa and vulnerable nations.
• Malaysian Prime Minister announces voluntary reduction of emissions intensity by 40% by 2020, conditional on finance and technology transfer. Several other Heads of Stats from Malta to Trinidad & Tobago confirm their desire to adopt low-carbon growth plans and make every effort to combating climate change. There appears to be no lack of political will on public record.
• International campaigning organisation, Avaaz, issues petitions from the ‘global south’ to China to show leadership, and calls on India to accept a global peak on emissions and a minimum of 2 degrees C of temperature rise so as not to be a deal-breaker at Copenhagen.
• Leaked UNFCCC report adds sobering note to end of the day by confirming what many feared, that Annex 1 targets on the table would lead to a 3 degree temperature rise and CO2 concentrations of 550ppm by 2100. Far far above the 1.5 degrees/ 350 ppm that island nations and 102 UN member states – though not India and major powers – are calling for to ensure their survival.
The inadequacy of ambition coupled with the gravity of failure makes the necessity of success indisputable.
Key issues of the day
The COP and CMP reconvened today for a brief period, with President Lars Lokke Rasmussen indicating clearly that there would be a two-track process to begin from 1:00 pm today, along the LCA and KP tracks. The text to be forwarded for consideration by Heads of State would be the ones prepared by the LCA and KP Chairs, not any other. Open-ended drafting groups would convene with Connie Hedegaard as the chair, and other co-chairs assisting the process. The G77 asked for clarification that two separate texts would be put forward to the Heads of State, and that the KP discussions would begin first. This Danish prime minister, in his position as COP President and chair of the session, confirmed this process point and the meeting adjourned.
In the High-Level Segment speech today, UK premier, Gordon Brown, asked everyone to summon up the highest level of will. He said the task of politics was to overcome obstacles, and the task of statesmanship was to make ideals real even when critics said they are unachievable. French President Nicola Sarkozy, dispensing with diplomatic flourishes, got straight to the point in his speech and stated categorically that an agreement must come out of Copenhagen. He pushed the United States, China and the EU to make the cuts necessary to get a deal and stressed the importance of a strong compliance regime to ensure cuts were made.
In what would have been sweet words for the Indian negotiators, he included India in a list of poor and vulnerable countries from Africa and Asia that would be first in line for climate finance, saying that the country was in a different category to Brazil and China.
With a great deal of internal lobbying from the likes of Brown and Sarkozy, we may see the long-awaited move by the EU to raise its emissions targets from 20% to 30 % by 2020 soon, and an announcement of major figures on climate finance in response to the US offer. The pieces of the puzzles are beginning to emerge.
Several members of the US Congress arrived in Copenhagen today to pledge their support for a global climate deal. Senators Kerry, Waxman and Markey, Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton all made their presence felt on a day when the sun finally seemed to shine.
In a significant commitment from the United States to mitigate climate change – though less than the $400 billion target set by many developing nations – Hillary Clinton put forward a conditional finance proposal. She said “In the context of a strong accord in which all major economies stand behind meaningful mitigation actions and provide full transparency as to their implementation, the United States is prepared to work with other countries in jointly mobilizing 100 billion USD a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries’.
The funding is expected to come from public and private sources, bilateral and multilateral, and innovative finance solutions. It is expected to have a significant focus on forestry and adaptation, and will be directed particularly to the most vulnerable countries. However, she stressed that this must remain a common effort despite the loss of precious time amidst a difficult negotiating atmosphere.
Clinton emphasized that a key to successful negotiations remained transparency on mitigation actions, particularly by developing countries. She said ‘if you don’t commit to transparency, it is something of a deal breaker’.
Japan re-announced its Hatoyama initiative, and announced a USD 11 billion public finance contribution towards mitigation and adaptation in developing countries – particularly the least developed. Japan also pledged an ‘additional’ USD 3.5 billion towards a REDD fund.
Ministers will be part of a stock-taking session this afternoon and negotiators will be working through the night to prepare texts for Heads to consider tomorrow – the last day of the conference. In the meanwhile, Heads will have consultations amongst themselves and perhaps even take up President Sarkozy’s challenge to work through the night following the formal dinner hosted by the Queen of Denmark.
Focus on the GOI
Before leaving Delhi for Copenhagen today, Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh issued a statement. He said “India is willing to do more provided there are credible arrangements to provide both additional financial support as well as technological transfers from developed to developing countries.” He said the adverse consequences of global warming will impact most heavily on developing countries like India, and that India as a responsible member of the international community, is fully committed to working with the rest of the world to preserve and protect our environment.
Speaking to the media today while coming out from talks, Jairam Ramesh, India’s Minster for Environment and Forests, said he was still hopeful of a successful outcome here at Copenhagen. According to press reports, he felt that “If the US comes up with a generous financial offer, the chemistry of Copenhagen would entirely change. …But they can’t do it on Friday morning when Obama gets here. They must change the atmosphere now.”
Ramesh welcomed the US proposal to contribute climate finance, but commented that the entire process of these negotiations was being badly handled. He repeated (as yesterday) that the Kyoto Protocol is in the Intensive Care Unit, and that if the premise for these negotiations is the demise of the Kyoto Protocol, the process has been very badly handled. In such a circumstance, there is a ‘serious trust deficit here’ he said, and that the start of a ‘blame-game is inevitable’. Nevertheless, Ramesh declared he was confident that the conditions for a political deal were present.
Transparency is a key demand from the US from China and India to ensure that emissions reductions are actually made and not faked. A view increasingly shared by many other delegations and civil society, though clearly a compliance mechanism that must be universally adopted – including by the US – in order to be effective. On this issue of transparency, Ramesh said discussions had taken place with the US, and there was “75% agreement” on ensuring transparency on mitigation actions – on 3 points out of a “4-point formula”.
In a separate blog interview, veteran Indian negotiator Dr Prodipto Ghosh, struck a more negative note saying not much movement could be expected to come from Annex I target discussions under the KP unless there was movement on LULUCF and mechanisms discussions. He stated that the differences between Annex I and non-Annex I countries (such as India) would only be exacerbated in this COP as in past COPs. The coming 24 hours will show whether cause for optimism or pessimism was more justified.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 10 – Wednesday 16 Dec 2009
Headline News
• High-level Segment (HLS) opens today with UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, heads of major blocs and many heads of state speaking. Island nations make impassioned speeches for action by all – survival is not negotiable. Prince Charles warns that ‘door to our future is closing.’ EU makes pointed call to USA and China to show leadership.
• Danish minster, Connie Hedegaard, resigns as COP President – as expected – to make way for Danish PM Lars Lokke Rasmussen to take over the High-level Segment which will conclude the COP.
• LCA closing plenary opened at 4:48 am this morning and went on through 7am. ‘Core COP decisions’ and conclusions on adaptation, mitigation, financial resources, technology and capacity building released by LCA Chair.
• Day mired in lack of clarity over formal process – which text will go through for HLS discussion? The AWG-LCA and AWG-KP texts or another one ‘parachuted in’ from the Danish Presidency? Brazil, China, India and G77 complain about lack of transparency in process of preparing draft text. China said wouldn’t accept ‘text from the sky’.
• Ethiopian President, Zenawi Meles, uses HLS speech to introduce specific new proposals for innovative financing. Calls for 40 % of adaptation funds to be earmarked for Africa starting with fast-track financing of $10 billion by 2012 and $100 billion by 2020 from variety of public/ private means. Proposal criticized by some for breaking ranks with Africa Group position, and welcomed by others for seeking to bridge Annex 1 and G77 divide.
• Protests at the Bella Centre by NGOs with sit-ins and expulsions as entry for observers’ such as NGOs restricted due to security. UNFCCC arranges alternative venue. Activists storm Plenary chamber during HLS segment chanting ‘climate justice’ and anti-capitalists slogans.
Key issues of the day
The High-level Segment of the COP began today, with the Danish Prime Minister, Rasmussen, UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, COP President, Connie Hedegaard, UNFCCC Executive Secretary, Yvo de Boer, Noble Prize winner, Waangari Mathai, Prince Charles and other dignitaries calling for an ambitious and successful outcome.
President Tilman Thomas of Grenada, who spoke on behalf of AOSIS, said it was “not often that leaders of the world concentrate their diplomatic assets onto one issue” to provide a “collective solution to this common challenge.” “Today,” he said “is one of those unique moments.”
Negotiators and ministers had been hard at work on LCA discussions, which went on into the early hours of the 16th. The LCA Chair released draft conclusions on action on adaptation, technology transfer, capacity building, provision of financial resources and on some aspects of mitigation. While the atmosphere inside the Bella Centre was marked by distrust and a near collapse of negotiations on Tuesday evening, the burning of the midnight oil does indicate a desire to succeed.
In a major show of solidarity, top ministers of the BASIC group (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) said they would reduce emissions by 2.1 gigatons by 2020, but do so voluntarily. This they said, while insisting on developed country action according to the Kyoto Protocol.
Ethiopia launches daring proposal
At the HLS session, President Zenawi Meles, speaking on behalf of the Africa group, made a concrete proposal reminiscent of his recent Joint Appeal with President Sarkozy of France yesterday, for fast-track and long-term finance. He also called for global temperature rise not to exceed 2 degrees – a position consistent with the EU’s position but at odds with the official Africa Group position which calls for warming not to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius and funding of up to 400 billion by 2020. (A global average of 2 degrees C would, according to the IPCC, translate into 3 – 3.5 degrees for continental Africa.)
Meles said he recognized “Africa will be disappointed” by aspects of his proposal, but said that he had scaled back the level of funding asked in return for reliable long-term financing for Africa and a seat at the table. Otherwise, he said, “we will lose more – because our best days are in the future.” And because Africa had “so much more to lose” he felt it needed to “show flexibility and compromise.”
He cautioned, however, ”Flexibility should not be confused with desperation” and must ensure that “all of us – Africa included – are happy” with the outcome and would strive for a fair and just deal. “Otherwise there will be no agreement for anybody,” adding sternly that this was not an “idle threat.” President Meles asked for his proposal to be considered in whatever text the CoP presidency considered it fit. A proposal that was accepted by the CoP President.
Europe challenges US and China
The plenary speech delivered by Sweden’s Minister of Environment, Andreas Calgren, speaking on behalf of the European Union, sharpened the political atmosphere with a direct challenge to the two big elephants in the room, China and the USA. Starting his speech with a reference to the first UN conference on environment in 1972 in Stockholm, the Swedish environment minister noted how Indira Gandhi has attended the conference and made her now famous comment “poverty is the worst form of pollution”. He re-emphasized the EU’s commitment to the Kyoto Protocol and to ‘seal the deal here in Copenhagen’,and to the EU’s resolve to keep global warming to ‘well below 2 °C’, and reduce emissions by up to 95% compared to 1990 levels by 2050.
Noting that the EU of 27 member states was only responsible for 10% of global emissions and could not by itself solve global warming. He turned made some extremely pointed remarks directly to the USA and China on their responsibility as the world’s two largest emitters – winning huge and sustained applause:
“Here I turn to the United States and China. Together you are responsible for half of the global greenhouse gas emissions. You have different responsibilities and capabilities. From the United States we expect, as from all developed counties, a legally binding economy-wide commitment to reduce emissions. From China we expect binding actions. Your ability to reduce emissions will be absolutely crucial. It is promising that you have come forward with your contributions in an international context. However, the world needs more and we are confident that you have the ability to deliver more. Let us be honest with each other: Together
your ambitions to limit emissions will make or break the world’s efforts to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius. Therefore I turn to you, as a friend and a committed partner, and I say: United States and China: unleash your full potential and thereby the world’s efforts – make it possible for the world to stay below 2 degrees!”
Prime Minister Calgren’s words aroused huge and sustained applause and the chair commented that they had raised the tone of proceedings. The Chair reminded delegates that it was an EU / G77 proposal -the Green paper submitted in Bali in 1995 that led to the Kyoto protocol. He hoped that the EU/ G77 would be able to lead the way here too.
Small Nations to the Fore
Today was the day of small nations taking centre stage with brave and innovative plans for addressing the climate crisis. From the Pacific, the President of Samoa spoke and said “we will be the biggest losers if no substantive deal is delivered” and that Samoa supported a legally binding instrument to reflect science under the two AWG tracks with a proper compliance regime to ensure action.
From our own neighbourhood in South Asia, Nepal emphasized that it was ready to play its part and even set an aspirational carbon neutral target for the country. Another Himalayan neighbour, the government of Bhutan, had recently announced it would remain “carbon-negative”. Thanks to the active preservation of the forest cover of the small Himalayan country – which cover 72% of the country’s surface – Bhutan is one of the few, if not the only country in the world, to absorb more carbon than it emits and thus functions as a net ‘sink’ for greenhouse gases.
Arguably the most challenging speech from the small nations, came from President Nasheed of the Maldives. In his address to the Plenary, he called on both developed and developing countries to show leadership in moving on from entrenched positions in order to avoid the collapse of the negotiations. He noted, “Kyoto divided the world …It divided us between rich and poor, developed and developing. Annex 1 and non-Annex 1. Our task now is to unite the world behind the shared vision of low-carbon growth.”
Nasheed emphasized that industrialized countries needed to raise their level of ambition at the talks and commit to “collective reductions of 40% by 2020, and 95% by 2050.” Stating that small island states and vulnerable developing countries needed it to to survive, he restated the position of AOSIS and the LDCs – more than 100 of the UN’s member states – global temperature rise must be limited to 1.5 degrees C and atmospheric CO2 to 350ppm.
Challenging developing countries, he said they must play their part. “The rich world may have caused the climate crisis, by filling our atmosphere with pollution,” he said. “But two wrongs don’t make a right.”
Targeting China, he called on the country to show more willingness to compromise at the talks. “I am sure that if China shows leadership, others will follow,” he said. He therefore urged China and other big developing country emitters “to come forward with quantifiable and internationally verifiable actions to reduce their emissions 30% below business as usual by 2020.”
The position of the Maldives, and almost 100 other nations within the G77/China grouping, is at variance with the position of the Government of India which resists the notion of a global peaking year for emissions and a limit of global temperature to 2 degrees C by mid-century, and objects to any binding cuts for India although it has come up with a target to reduce the carbon intensity of India’s GDP growth by 2020.
Focus on the GOI
The GoI is hunkered down in ministerial consultations it seems and the negotiations and Plenary interventions were handled by chief negotiator, Vijai Sharma, from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Unusually for an intergovernmental process, there appears to be no senior official from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) evident on India’s pared down delegation. In possibly a first for the ministry, this crucial inter-governmental process is now very much being driven by the MoEF which in past years has been the junior partner to MEA on such issues.
Minister Jairam Ramesh has been keeping a low profile – no further press conferences or interventions – but told the media today that the Kyoto Protocol is in “intensive care if not dead” since many developed countries were “vehemently opposing” the KP. However, he also said that the BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India and China), also among the top emitters of greenhouse gases, are united and are “coordinating our positions almost on an hourly basis”.
This was very much in evidence at the CMP discussion where Brazil, China and India kept following each other in turn – aided by Sudan speaking for the G77/China – to note their objections to the process. Their objections centred on the lack of clarity over which text would form the basis of negotiations by Heads of State. Was it to be the two texts that negotiators had worked on for the past two years under the Bali Action Plan – the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP – or was it to be another text ‘parachuted in from the sky’ by the Presidency.
India’s Vijai Sharma was adamant on this point. He noted that India sought a party- driven outcome, not a top-down one to the conference. He said that the LCA and KP texts under the Bali Action Plans were the only ones “that can guide us”. He emphasised “The issue is about our text – how to protect our text.”
In this long exchange, the only country to demur was the Maldives. President Nasheed made his views clear that the Copenhagen could not “afford to be bogged down in the process, negotiators have been working for many months, but need to move forward.” He openly disagreed with the points made by Brazil, China and India and re-emphasised “ In my mind we need to move forward. Whatever texts come out will be in front of Heads of State… We want process to move forward and fruitful process.” He proposed that the Chair proceed with the process the Chair intended.
The Danish Presidency, was unable to provide a clear answer to the questions pressed by BASIC/ G77 question and Premier Rasmussen left questions hanging with his response that the chairs of the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA would be reporting back in Plenary later that morning. He rejected notions, however, that there was a ‘Danish text’ in hiding as evidently suspected by the line of questioning from BASIC and G77.
There was visible dissatisfaction within the Indian delegation, with what many saw as the continuing lack of clarity over the process, and the crucial question over what text would imminently be discussed by Heads of State.
In all the public posturing, however, the reality that many parties – including the Danish Presidency – have been working on separate texts for weeks now went unremarked upon – somewhat disingenously. It is known that the Danes have been consulting on at least one, if not many, texts as part of the Presidency’s efforts to identify areas of potential congruence for an eventual political agreement.
India herself – as the Minister has openly stated many times – has worked closely with China on a BASIC text which was shared with G77 just last week in an effort to harmonise texts. It is clear that everyone is hedging their bets and that public statements made in Plenary negotiations must still be taken with pinches of salt.
The FAB deal that is awaited – a Fair, Ambitious, Deal – will now be thrashed out in private discussions not between negotiators but between political leaders. A process that could finally bring clarity to the process, but also brings with it some dangers. Tomorrow will reveal whether enough progress was made in midnight meetings for clarity on a text to emerge by Thursday 17th December.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 9 – Friday 15 Dec 2009
Headline News
• COP President, Connie Hedegaard and UNFCCC Executive Secretary, Yvo de Boer signal a crucial point reached in negotiation – with only 48 hours to go, de Boer says today marks a “distinct and important moment.”
• Africa group speaks of its dissatisfaction with the process and complains about being sidelined in the process, initiates a walk-out of the KP Plenary to signal displeasure.
• Chaos at entrance to Bella Centre with introduction of pass system to manage numbers as 46,000 try to squeeze into place designed to hold 15,000. NGOs on verge of mutiny at lack of access. De Boer calls Copenhagen the most transparent COP he has been to in 14 years.
• France and Ethiopia issue joint call to limit warming to 2 degrees and ensure adequate financing for vulnerable countries. Call for tax on international finance transactions and marine/ aviation taxes to raise innovative financing for climate action.
• EU Commissioner Dimas defends EU’s commitment to the KP reminding that EU member states have translation KP commitments into domestic law – with many going far beyond KP – and are heavily invested in schemes such as CDM, accounting for 80% of the 24 billion dollar spend on CDM credits. No intention of ‘killing the Kyoto Protocol’ as accused by G77/ China, but seek to build upon it.
• Jairam Ramesh, Indian Environment Minister calls Australia ‘Ayatollah of the one-track’ for its insistence on a comprehensive, single outcome.
• With ministers converging, progress on KP remains stalled and CMP is adjourned as Chair calls for a Contact group to progress negotiations.
• LCA plenary held up as a consequence. Africa group, China and others determined that LCA will not take place until progress assured on KP track.
Key issues of the day
Ministers have begun to arrive in Copenhagen today marking the second stage of this three stage process at the Conference of Parties in Copenhagen. With the third and final stage about to start on Thursday with the arrival of 113 heads of state, COP President, Connie Hedegaard, reminded everyone that “Ministers would need to be extremely busy and focused over the next 48 hours if we are to succeed.”
She summarized the key ‘five crunch issues as the following:
1. Annex 1 (industrialized countries) mitigation targets
2. Non-annex 1 mitigation actions – especially from advanced developing countries
3. Finance – especially long-term finance
4. Bunkers (maritime and aviation)
5. Special circumstances of countries linked to mitigation (response measures)
Yvo de Boer admitted that “haven’t seen enough progress” and more ground needs to be covered. Very important phase now and needed a “step-change” in the negotiations with arrival of ministers. He admitted the process would be tough and that “you can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink” They had now brought 192 horses to water … 193 with the recent (10 December) addition of Somalia which had become a COP member.
Parties continued to position themselves with the Africa Group standing its ground that no progress would be made on the KP unless their fears of Annex 1 countries seeking to “kill the Protocol” would be met. They initiated a walk-out by several African ministers which brought a halt to the KP plenary proceedings. Negotiations moved into Contact groups.
When the KP plenary resumed in the evening – after a four-hour delay – there was continuing disagreement on the CMP KP with the entire text remaining bracketed. Reference years for Annex 1 targets remained undecided and the chair decided to forward options for text to help the AWG KP and CMP to come to an agreement. Key issues such as targets had been referred to ministers for further consideration as these would most likely be subject to political decision-making above the level of negotiators. Echoing the thoughts of many, Switzerland said “each time we meet in drafting groups, we add things, but go nowhere.” After some to’ing and fro’ing, the draft report was adopted with no further objections to be forwarded to the COP Presidency.
France and Ethiopia issue joint initiative
In a move that was surprising as it was bold, France and Ethiopia, representing Africa, launched today an appeal to all Parties to “adopt an ambitious agreement on 18 December limiting the increase of temperatures to 2°C above preindustrial levels, as recommended by the IPCC, and ensuring that vulnerable countries will receive adequate financing to face the challenge, translated into a legal international instrument as early as possible in 2010.”
They called for a “halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. This implies, according to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, that developed countries commit to reducing their emissions by 80% at least by 2050 and to adopting coherent and comparable mid-term objectives.” Further they called for “the most advanced developing countries” to adopt “ambitious low-carbon growth plans and actions aimed at yielding a significant deviation of CO2 emissions compared to “business as usual” scenarios and compatible with the recommandations (sic) made by the IPCC.”
They proposal called for 40 % adaptation funding for Africa in light of the continent’s climate vulnerability. A proposal sure to cause much discussion with other vulnerable countries from across AOSIS and the LDCs who seek their own breakdowns of the funding pot. In a move reminiscent of France’s push in other quarters for innovative finance mechanisms to support climate adaptation, the two countries also called for the “creation of a tax on international financial transactions [Tobin tax] and consider other sources such as taxes on sea freight or air transport [bunkers].” (Brackets added.)
The joint France/Ethiopia initiative is sure to set the cat among the pigeons and be seen by some in the G77/China as a ‘disloyal’ act by Ethiopia (a fellow G77 member), but such transboundary initiatives are occurring more frequently now – witness the joint Norway-Mexico proposal for a Green Fund – and mark the slow re-shaping of intergovernmental bloc politics. One only hopes that they bring much needed political momentum to the negotiations in their final days.
Focus on the GOI
Still no press conferences announced by India – only two so far in the last nine days – so information is gathered through interventions in meetings. A number of other developing countries – Brazil, Indonesia, AOSIS, Africa Group, G77/China – are holding daily press conferences but India is communication-lite at this COP.
One of the few visible interventions was by India in the KP Plenary this evening when the country made its displeasure at the current state of the KP known, noting that “We have what we have, but it is in no shape to go to the Minister.”
There were also reports of Minister Jairam Ramesh having snubbed COP President Connie Hedegaard in her request for India and Australia – the traditional developing/ developed country model – to co-chair a meeting to break the deadlock between countries on the one-track/ two-track approach.
According to Australian press reports, the Minister said, “Australia is sort
of the ayatollah of the single track” referring to the country’s determination to get a one-track outcome from the Copenhagen climate talks. The so-called Australia proposal, backed strongly by the US, Japan, New Zealand and Canada, calls for all UNFCCC parties to put their commitments onto a joint ‘registry’ of mitigation actions. In effect a ‘Pledge and Review’ system as favoured by the US.
Developing countries such as India have resisted this arguing that it dissolves the distinction between Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 developing countries. They see it as threatening the two-track approach that had been enshrined in the Bali Action Plan – binding commitments for Annex 1 parties under the Kyoto Protocol track, and non-binding commitments for non-Annex 1 parties under the Long-term Cooperative Action track. Australia objects that this would place no legally-binding obligations on non-Annex 1 parties such as the USA and let advanced emerging nations such as China and India off the hook.
In an attempt to overcome differences, the COP President, Connie Hedegaard, had asked Jairam Ramesh and Australia’s Climate Change Minister, Penny Wong, to meet and thrash things through with other nations including China and Brazil. Minister Ramesh then reportedly pulled out of the talks saying he was “too busy” to chair a three-hour meeting with Senator Wong, adding “Penny Wong remains a good friend of mine, a very valued colleague” but he would not be chairing a session with her.
The move has raised questions about how closely India is cleaving to her ‘red lines’ such that even meetings to discuss non-negotiables become non-starters.
The fear for India appears that even agreeing to such a meeting could force the country to soften her stance principally rejecting any parallelism with Annex 1 countries – potentially the thin end of the wedge to binding emissions targets for major developing countries.
Whatever the reason, diplomatic friction has now been caused and we await clarification on this – and other GoI moves at this crucial juncture – in Copenhagen tomorrow.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 8 – Monday 14 Dec 2009
Headline News
• President of COP15 and CMP5 Connie Hedegaard to open informal consultations to address crucial issues that need political guidance.
• Africa group concerned about ‘falling into the deep ocean’ – stress need for two-track outcomes with focus on KP, LCA discussions later. Call for a resolution on Kyoto Protocol discussions before LCA talks resume.
• India not okay with six paragraphs of draft LCA text that cross Indian ‘red lines’. Jairam Ramesh says India committed to 2 degrees threshold by 2050 but not the same figures converted into ppm ‘equivalents’
• Todd Stern – glad Parties are back at the table. US launches ‘climate Redi’ through Major Economies Forum along with Australia, India and Italy to improve energy services for households.
Key issues of the day
Chair of the Africa group in a press conference today said Africa can never accept the killing of the Kyoto Protocol, for it ‘will mean the killing of Africa’. Africa is unhappy with the prospect of a one-track process given the direction in which negotiations have been proceeding the past week. It is also fearful that the present focus on Long-term Cooperative Action might imply that KP discussions are kept to a later date, and by 18th, will be declared as ‘too late’ to discuss.
With no intention to give way on this aspect of the negotiations, African parliamentarians too are backing this. In the halls of the Bella Centre today, there was spontaneous action from youth, Tck Tck Tck and Avaaz in support of the Africa stand.
In KP discussions on Annex I emission reductions, while proposals were being added to certain portions of the text, Australia changed the track of discussions, saying it was disappointed that other partners had decided to discontinue LCA discussions until issues here were resolved. In effect, Australia proposed to suspend discussions in this Contact group to understand what was going on ‘outside the room’. The proposal was seconded by Russia, who felt the main purpose of this session was to elaborate a new approach.
Sweden on behalf of the EU was unhappy that the G77 & China had dropped ‘out of’ some of the work done on Saturday, and that this was ‘costing a lot of dollars of tax payers’ money’.
In the KP discussions on potential consequences, Parties could not come to an agreement on the text being forwarded to the KP Chair. The back and forth between South Africa and Sweden implied there was no movement on this portion of the text.
In the only-just-ended KP discussion on Annex 1 numbers (targets), Parties eventually moved into a smaller ‘friends of the Chair’ group for further discussion. On base year discussions New Zealand seemed to think that 1990 was defined for the first commitment period but not for the second, and Canada interpreted it as a single base-year over all commitment periods for each country. Both Parties seem to be looking very hard for loopholes in the KP!
Focus on the GOI
Jairam Ramesh, Minister of environment and forests, who is here in Copenhagen discussing the text of the draft Copenhagen agreement, indicated that good progress was made on the text while with fellow environment ministers. He said India was ‘agreeable to all but 6 paragraphs of the 46 paragraph text’ (paras 3, 4, 8, 20, 24 & 39) put forward by the LCA Chair, which crossed the ‘red lines’ as far as India was concerned.
Ramesh indicated that parts of the text which elaborated a long-term goal for emission reductions without any ‘differentiation between developed and developing countries’, references to peaking years, and review processes on the adequacy of emission reduction actions did not provide any alternative texts, and therefore needed consideration. Three other clauses that refer to nationally appropriate mitigation action by developing countries – particularly on the nature of monitoring actions and on finance also posed problems for the Indian delegation.
Indian negotiator R.R. Rashmi from MoEF told youth that the Africa group was disturbed on lack of progress in KP, and would stall the negotiations in LCA until issues reach a balance between the two tracks.
US Climate Envoy, Todd Stern, announces US joins Australia, India and Italy to launch quick-start technology initiative through the Major Economies Forum (MEF). The initiative, Climate REDI, is intended to boost the work of the MEF as a technology cooperation platform. Climate Redi intends to reduce emissions and fight energy poverty through focus on a few key technologies through successful international climate collaboration. It will provide affordable high-quality solar home systems and LED lanterns, and coordinate standards and labeling programmes.
Another initiative announced through the World Bank, called Scaling up Renewable Energy, combined with Climate Redi, will add a budget of USD 350 million over 5 years, with a US contribution of USD 85 million.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 6 – Saturday 12 Dec 2009
Headline News
• Conference of Parties reconvenes for stock-taking
• President of COP Connie Hedegaard and Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer conclude informal meeting with ministers and heads of delegation. Despite challenges and unsolved problems, as ministers start to arrive, so does political will
• Ministers continue discussions on Sunday. 48 ministers to come together from all regional groupings and continents
• Tens of thousands converge in Copenhagen and march to Bella Centre to observe Global Day of Action on climate change. All across the world, ordinary people express concern and demand action. The signal that a global political mandate for a fair, ambitious, legally-binding agreement is there. Negotiators must now catch up with public opinion and deliver.
• Tuvalu impasse: not yet resolved. Procedures and conflicting opinions make it difficult to find easy way out, but movement inescapable
• Papua New Guinea awarded a Fossil of the Day by NGOs for opposing AOSIS proposal for a legally-binding two-track approach
Key issues of the day
The Conference of Parties reconvened today at the resumed session. In an emotional speech, Tuvalu’s key negotiator Ian Fry said Tuvalu’s call had been misinterpreted by the media, and that his intention was not to discredit the Danish Government. While he was at pains to explain that he was not on an ‘ego trip’, he asked for a serious consideration of Tuvalu’s proposal for two legally binding treaties.
The Long-term Cooperative Action (LCA) and Kyoto Protocol chairs gave an update of both the progress made in the Plenary and informal discussions, and on the draft texts. On discussions relating to the draft LCA text, among those not fully satisfied with the LCA text were the EU, Japan and Australia. The United States thought that some elements of the draft text were inadequately reflected in terms of ‘where it was headed’, and that informal consultations on this would be the way to progress. Along with the US, Japan and Australia also suggested that the ministerial level meetings be leveraged to solve the deadlock in key areas of finance and mitigation actions by both developed and developing countries. President of the COP Connie Hedegaard suggested that while there was a seven-page text, she would not like to comment on whether Parties have agreed to work on it as a starting draft.
On the whole, the EU was unhappy with the text, indicating that ‘the text gave us too little certainty that we would be able to stay below 2 degrees’. AOSIS was in favour of open and transparent discussion on the text, and wanted to ensure a legally binding outcome. Yvo de Boer in a briefing to the media indicated that it might only be practical to expect a political agreement from Copenhagen, and for all the legal details to be cast in the next six to twelve months from now.
The G77 and China was confident that the text was a good place to move forward from, which ensures the continuity of the Kyoto Protocol.
At the CMP on the KP, the Chair’s text was an ‘attempt to capture state of play in the three working groups in the negotiations’. The KP will meet on Monday and Tuesday, and submit its recommendations to the high level segment. South Africa cautioned against the KP being superseded by outcomes here at Copenhagen, while the EU said the KP alone would not be sufficient to cut down emissions to the required levels. Several Parties emphasised the importance of retaining the two track process, while Japan reiterated its commitment to the KP. The EU repeated what it had said in the COP, and highlighted the omission of the second commitment period under the KP.
President of the COP Connie Hedegaard said that while ‘political will is very essential, it is not enough’, but that in the last 24 to 36 hours, core discussions of the COP had started. Yvo de Boer and Connie Hedegaard referred to the massive scale of the civil society gatherings both outside the Bella Centre and around capitals in the world, and that Heads of State have to rise to that call to action.
While she did agree that more commitments are due on finance and developed country mitigation targets, she said world leaders are well aware of the responsibilities and expectations from them on this issue. Her enthusiasm at having a good informal meeting with the ministers was palpable, we look forward to a good culminating week at Copenhagen.
Focus on the GOI
India agreed with the G77/China intervention, and emphasized that the sanctity of the two tracks must be maintained. The Convention and the unambiguous standing of the KP was essential they said.
In the CMP Plenary, India was in support of G77/ China’s position on the KP, on a two track process to continue, with the KP as the legally-binding part. Vijai Sharma on behalf of India said the KP was behind in terms of progress, and that a balance on work was needed.
India strongly resisted a second intervention by Tuvalu for the President to consider the Tuvalu proposal for a Protocol to amend the KP. Vijai Sharma said “We already have our plate full on so many items – so many issues raised just in the last hour .. Our objective here is deep ambitious targets by Annex 1 countries to make headway. .. This moment is clearly inopportune for discussion on this (Tuvalu proposal). Many aspects of the (Tuvalu) draft in conflict with historical responsibility and CBDR. … Not in tempo with momentum of last few days – want to go along with work as proceeding without sidestepping it to consider
other issues.”
The President, Connie Hedegaard, noted that consulations on the Tuvalu proposal would continue and gaveled the CMP meeting to a close.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 5 – Friday 11 Dec 2009
Headline News
• New climate drafts out – Chairs of Long-term Cooperative Action and of Kyoto Protocol distill main elements to produce 10-page document. Discussions on till late tonight.
• EU council discusses climate change. Ups its conditional emission reduction pledge to 30% below 1990 levels. Actions fast-track finance
• Indian Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh talks of India’s plans at Copenhagen. India wants to play constructive, facilitative leadership role.
Key issues of the day
The first version of the new draft text for a Copenhagen agreement on a post-2012 outcome, prepared by Long-term Cooperative Action (LCA) Chair came out this morning. Following this, Parties met in informal sessions pre and post-lunch, with the last session reportedly on until 9:30 pm tonight.
The EU Summit held today announced a conditional target of 30% below 1990 levels for the EU, if other developed countries agreed to do their fair share. The Council also decided on a figure on fast-start financing at 2.4 billion Euro per year between 2010-12. On mid-term monies for adaptation and mitigation, the EU acknowledged that an amount close to 100 billion Euro was necessary, and that the EU would be willing to contribute its share. However, no EU target was announced for this. It looks like the EU lost a good last chance to take a real leadership role on climate finance before Copenhagen comes to a close.
The Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI) met to discuss national communications (or NATCOMS) that Annex I Parties are expected to provide to the secretariat at regular intervals of time, but could not agree on a date by which the sixth NATCOMS would be submitted.
Focus on the GOI
Minister (of State) for Environment and Forests (Independent charge) Jairam Ramesh arrived in Copenhagen today and met with Indian NGOs and press this evening. He said he had met with the Algerian chair of the Africa Group, Todd Stern, head of the US delegation; Ambassador Xie, head of the Chinese delegation; and Ed Miliband, UK Secretary of State for Climate and Energy. These indicate the priority attached to these countries by the GoI in the negotiations.
The Minister said that India and China were now working on a new draft of the BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) text with the Africa Group with a view to producing an integrated draft text. With informal ministerial meetings starting tomorrow, Ramesh said the draft prepared by the BASIC countries as being discussed with the Africa group to produce an integrated draft text. While he indicated that people in the room might know more about the Danish draft than he did, he emphasised that India was here for proactive action on an equitable agreement, in a ‘constructive, facilitative leadership role’. While he was happy to have not received the fossil of the day award today, he indicated he wasn’t too keen on getting one.
Ramesh enumerated the issues that were red lines for India, and that India would:
“Agree to any global goal for 2050 provided it makes clear what equitable burden-sharing is”
“Agree to well below a 2°C limit by 2050 provided, I repeat, provided, there is a commitment from the international community for a framework for equitable burden sharing”
“Emission intensity reduction of 25% by 2020 on a 2005 base”. However, he did also say the effort could be bettered if finances and technologies are made available, but that these targets were aspirational.
While India is coordinating its position closely with China, he made clear that the two were not ‘in the same boat’, with India in 5th place in absolute global emissions and with a far lower emission intensity than China.
His brief is clearly to position India as a deal maker, for (in his own words) he was here for a FAB (Fair Ambitous and Binding) deal. That while India is a part of G77, it would engage with all countries proactively. ‘We are not here for confrontation or scoring debate points’ he said, but ‘any here for an agreement that does not violate the principles of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Bali Action Plan, but not for a new treaty, protocol or action plan’.
On MRV, the minister said he could say quite confidently, that ‘nowhere else in the world is the domestic MRV as aggressive as it is in India’, since it goes through Parliament, civil society and media. He also said he had received domestic brickbats and international bouquets for his positions on climate change, and he rather hoped it was the other way around.
When asked by South Asian youth about the government-pushed report on glacier melt, he said the Indian scientific view (although the report itself had no references to peer-reviewed scientific literature post-1980), is that most Himalayan glaciers are retreating, some at a decelerating rate of retreat than others (Gangotri glacier), and some are advancing (Siachen), and that the link between global warming and glacier retreat has not been conclusively established. However, he also indicated that they would not wait for all the studies to be conclusive in order to take action – that at least is a very faint ray of hope.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 3 – Wednesday 9 Dec 2009
Headline News
• CMP discussions under Kyoto Protocol derail as Tuvalu supported by several Parties asks for a contact group to discuss all amendments to KP in an open and transparent manner. China + others support narrow focus to consider amendments. CMP suspended till Saturday’s stock-taking
• Parties begin work (consultations and line-by-line consideration) on draft texts under Shared Vision, technology transfer, adaptation, mitigation, finance
• France opposes EU position on LULUCF and is making a submission to EU council for the same
• Kazakhstan ratifies Kyoto Protocol (KP) and is included in Annex B of KP. Move and targets welcomed by Australia, Sweden, Japan
• Canada and Croatia blocking single base year in KP discussions
• G77 & China (in press conference) wants United States to sign Kyoto Protocol
Key issues of the day
In yet another halt to the discussions at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), CMP discussions under the KP were suspended. Under Article 20 of the Kyoto Protocol, any Party can propose amendments that ‘shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of Parties (COP)…’. KP Chair John Ashe, in a briefing to civil society organizations today, indicated that twelve proposals were submitted by Parties (before the stipulated six month advance notice) – Australia, Belarus, Bolivia (for other countries), Colombia, Japan, the EU, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, China (for several non-Annex 1 countries) and two proposals from Tuvalu.
On general discussions on the KP today, Kaszakhstan’s new mitigation commitments as an Annex I Party under the KP were welcomed by Australia.
Also discussed under the COP/MOP was the consideration of proposals to amend the Kyoto Protocol, under Article 20.
Several non Annex I Parties were in strong favour of retaining the Kyoto Protocol, and its continued existence with amendments. Australia asked for a unified protocol instead of two treaties, and Japan indicated that the KP needed to be made ‘more durable vehicle and expanded in scope’.
South Africa indicated that an agreement here in Copenhagen would be difficult without the continued existence of the Kyoto Protocol.
The AOSIS said that while the KP’s legally binding nature must be preserved, amendments to it must ensure the survival and viability of all Parties.
Tuvalu requested the COP President Connie Hedegaard to form a contact group to discuss all amendments submitted to the COP in an open and transparent manner. While Tuvalu supported by Grenada, Kiribati, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, Brazil, Palau, Belize (at which point discussions were suspended) asked for a discussion on all recommendations, China supported by Venezuela, Papua New Guinea, UAE, Nigeria and Bahrain asked to discuss limited proposals that would take the discussions forward.
Ethiopia raised the pertinent point that proposals and documents had not been provided to Parties, and while that would not be a reason for inaction, asked for them to be made available in order to enable decisions on this issue.
COP President Connie Hedegaard asked for consultation with KP Chair John Ashe on this issue, and to present it on Saturday, considering that there was no consensus on taking discussions forward. However, this move was blocked by Ian Fry on behalf of Tuvalu, who said “there is no substantive or legal reason why we should not agree to those amendments here. So put the proposals on the table. To delay this process gives us little time for us to prepare amendments for heads of state to sign on to”.
With no agreement between Parties even after a ‘discussion in the corner’ for over half an hour, the CMP meeting was suspended. The second half of the COP meeting that was suspended yesterday also did not take place owing to the spill over of this meeting. In addition a KP contact group meeting was shelved owing to the delay.
Contact groups under the LCA were held on all pillars except capacity building. Also discussed were AWG-KP issues of emission reductions and issues under SBI and SBSTA.
Focus on the GOI
In the CMP of the KP, India indicated that quantified emission reductions must be reflected in the second commitment period, and on discussions around amendments to the KP, indicated it was ‘willing to work till whatever time to resolve this issue’. India made no comment on the contact group and interestingly took no sides in the consensus for scope of amendments between China’s and Tuvalu’s proposals.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 3 – Wednesday 9 Dec 2009
Headline News
• Breaking: Conference of Parties discussions halted temporarily. Chair proposed a Contact group on developing new treaty (under Article 17 of UNFCCC) as proposed by Tuvalu on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS). Tuvalu asks for ambitious and legally binding treaty. India, China, Saudi Arabia and others oppose formation of contact group. Think this might imply doing away with Kyoto Protocol in long term. COP suspended until issue resolved – Connie Hedegaard’s team still consulting with AOSIS and parties on way forward
• Contact group on finance under Ad-hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA) sees no progress since G77 & China have no coordinated position on text
• Japan to reveal new finance proposal tomorrow
• G77 & China sheds light on Danish draft proposal. Think it is violation of principles of UNFCCC – of transparency and openness, reworking of substance
• EU says leave the numbers to the Ministers.
• Discussions on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) indicate clear message to reform CDM process, methodology and reflect balanced geographical representation of projects
• India, China & Saudi Arabia push for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to be included under CDM.
• Adaptation Fund Board (AFB) reports progress in 2009. German government offers legal capacity and institutional support to AFB.
Key issues of the day
Today history was made in the COP Plenary with little Tuvalu, a Pacific island nation at threat of extinction due to climate change, forcefully speaking out for an additional legally-binding protocol under the UNFCCC and forcing the COP Plenary to be suspended when consensus was not gained in the room. The issue began with the discussion of the legal form of the outcome (Article 17 of the Convention), and the process by which Protocols under the Convention are considered. Proposals had been put forward by five Parties – Tuvalu, Costa Rica, Japan, Australia and the United States – six months ago as required under Article 17.
Ian Fry, speaking on behalf of Tuvalu proposed the formation of a Contact group to discuss in detail, openly and fully, a legally-binding agreed outcome under this COP which would result in two legally-binding Protocols being adopted by the end of next week. Fry said: “Being one of the most vulnerable countries in world, our future rests on the outcome of this meeting … We are here to seal the deal. We are here to commit to a legally binding agreement that will guarantee the future of Tuvalu and the future of millions of people around the world. … The time for procrastination is over. It is time to deliver.”
The proposal to form a Contact group was seconded by other AOSIS countries, African and Latin American countries and Annex 1 nations Japan and Australia, but opposed strongly by China, India, Saudi Arabia and Kenya among others, but particularly by China and India. The fear of major developing nations opposing the move is that established a Contact group to study the matter in the LCA track could open them up to carbon emissions reductions themselves. Following significant back and forth on the issue, the Plenary Chair, Connie Hedegaard, suggested having an informal discussion to take issues forward. However, this proposal was blocked by Tuvalu, who called for the suspension of the COP until the issue was resolved.
Tuvalu said: “We are now bound into one of the most unfortunate processes in the UN: informal discussions on whether to establish a Contact Group. We strongly disagree, this is a core element of the Convention. We cannot accept even to consult on how to consult. We consider that this COP should be suspended and no other items continued until this item is resolved.”
However, as UNFCCC Executive Director, Yvo de Boer, indicated, Tuvalu had made very clear over the course of the heated discussions, that their proposal was not intended to replace the Kyoto Protocol (KP), but for a new treaty under the Convention, to in fact supplement it. While the KP currently binds 37 industrialised countries to take emission reductions, it still leaves out the United States, and the Tuvalu two-treaty proposal would be a possible way to involve them into the process.
The development marked the first time that an open fissure had been revealed in a COP plenary within the G77 with a bold public stand being taken by AOSIS to insist on their right to ‘island survival’ – a position many in AOSIS feel has been surpressed and undermined by more powerful countries within the G77. The open support provided for the motion by Tuvalu from other African and Latin American countries indicates that the rift is now out in the open and the many tensions and geographical nuances within the 135-member G77 have now surfaced. AOSIS and Least Developed Nations such as Bangladesh and Ethiopia account for the overwhelming majority of G77 – more than 100 nations – and their calls for emissions reductions, 350 ppm, and financing levels have been higher than those officially adopted by the G77/ China.
While the COP was suspended and AOSIS parties met with the Chair’s representatives to discuss a way forward, the Plenary moved on to issues under the CMP of the KP, discussing the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). Here several developing countries put forward their concerns that while the CDM was a promising initiative, its implementation needed review. Sierra Leone, Syria, Lebanon, Chile, Morocco and Bangladesh among other developing countries were strongly in support of more equitable geographical distribution of CDM projects. Analyses indicate that 70% of CDM projects currently go to India and China, and Africa as a whole, gets only 1.4% of CDM projects. Swaziland asked (in a request echoed by several Parties) for capacity building and special consideration of Africa for the CDM.
On Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and its inclusion into the CDM, India, China and Saudi Arabia supported the introduction of CCS into the CDM, while several other Parties including Grenada, Syria, Republic of Korea, Uganda and Tuvalu advised caution against hasty inclusion of methodologies that are as yet under review even by the CDM executive board.
The CMP discussed the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB), and the chair of the AFB enumerated its progress in the current year. Uruguay urged for short and mid-term help under the AFB, while Afghanistan highlighted the need for financial support in capacity building and technology transfer support for adaptation.
Focus on the GOI
The last Indian negotiator who was due to arrive was spotted in the halls of Bella Centre today. This completes the team of Indian negotiators – reported to be a total of 37, including the head of the delegation, Shyam Saran.
In the COP Plenary, Vijai Sharma (MoEF) on behalf of India intervened four times on the point of opposing the formation of a Contact group to discuss the proposal of a new treaty. He argued that there is already a protocol in place, and that India does not support the proposal for any new protocols. While the rules of the Convention do ask for a minimum of six months for Parties to consider new treaties, and none of the treaty proposals can therefore be adopted by this COP, India’s opposition may not merely be on a process point. Vijai Sharma said “by asking us to discuss new proposals for a protocol, you are actually asking us to express a no-confidence in the Kyoto Protocol. We should not and cannot sidestep our own legitimate processes and create more hurdles for ourselves.”
The palpable nervousness in the room could well have been from major emerging economies wanting to maintain a Kyoto process out of the fear that a new treaty could ‘lock-in’ their own pledges and penalize them for defaulting on them.
In the CDM discussion of the CMP, India again with China and Saudi Arabia were in full support of CCS being included in CDM projects. On the Adaptation Fund Board, India suggested connecting Joint Implementation mechanisms with the AFB, and push for deeper emission reductions from developed countries, which would enable scaled-up finance through levies on such processes.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 2 – Tuesday 8 Dec 2009
Headline News
• Russia announces 20-25% target to reduce emissions by 2020 under Kyoto Protocol (KP). Move welcomed by many including Japan. Could imply overall Annex I targets for 2020 move up from present 16% level.
• Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA) to break into smaller working groups for drafting. Some sessions informal, some open to observers. Expect text from all areas by end of week.
• UNFCCC head, Yvo de Boer, confident that Copenhagen will deliver additional financial support for action. Quick-tart finance of 10 billion per year until 2012.
• 2nd meeting of Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), 1st meeting of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advise (SBSTA)
• Youth get special briefing session from AWG-LCA and KP chairs. Chairs clarify to all media: purpose of this meeting NOT to kill the Kyoto Protocol as reported, but to negotiate the second commitment period. Some Parties want legally binding outcome here, some want political statement, some want single outcome – in any case, need a strong substantive outcome.
• International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) put forward key concerns and ‘asks’ to UNFCCC, ask for clear overall shipping and aviation specific emission caps/ targets.
Key issues of the day
While the major outcome of the Copenhagen negotiations may well be a political statement, negotiators are a key component in the formulation of such a statement. Politically sensitive decisions on numbers – both in emission reductions and in finance post-2012 will be left to Heads of State. However, the main body of the text is one that must be distilled out of the two-year negotiating process, and this must be done by the negotiators themselves.
UNFCCC Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer’s challenge to negotiators was to ‘make sure the foundation stones are in place’. He said it would be the job of ministers and Heads of State to ensure that developed country targets were made more ambitious, and to increase the scale of finance.
In effect, their work is cut out for the next week, although in the opening meeting of the AWG-LCA, the Republic of Korea asked what the basis of the text would be, and who would initiate it. This indicates some lack of clarity even to negotiators on where to start and how. While there are several draft texts doing the rounds, it is as yet unclear which ones will be the starting points for negotiations.
At the AWG-LCA, the Chair decided to break negotiators into informal drafting or working groups in order to focus on substance. The Chair urged Parties to draft the text and not prejudge the outcome – the ‘stock-taking’ for the LCA will take place on Saturday.
For the next two days, some of the key focus areas for Parties will be Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs) for developing countries, which are supported by public finance (including measuring reporting and verification [MRV] for such supported action); sectoral approaches and mitigation in the agriculture sector; economic and social consequences of response measures; and REDD+.
In the informal sessions on Kyoto Protocol targets, discussions focused on how to raise the level of ambition. Russia’s new announcement of a 20 to 25% reduction from 1990 levels was received with some cheer. Micronesia on behalf of the AOSIS however, continued to press for higher ambition, since everything currently on the table is still only a minus 13 to 19% reduction from 1990 levels – far short of what the science demands.
The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) met to give its reports on scientific and technical advice, and on advancements in procedures in the development and transfer of technologies, on adapting to climate change and on reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries (REDD). The Chair of the SBSTA urged Parties to keep the discussions here technical, and leave the policy related discussions for the LCA.
On REDD (reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation), many Parties were supportive of keeping most recent (2006) IPCC guidelines on monitoring of REDD. Parties including the United States, India and China were in favour of this as well as the importance of independent monitoring.
The SBSTA also discussed emissions from fuel for international aviation and maritime transport. Here the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) presented progress in emission reduction strategies in their respective organizations. The ICAO announced a 2% improvement in fuel efficiency every year until 2050, while the IMO indicated it would be able to take measures to play its role as a global body in international shipping. In a side event organized by the IMO and ICAO, the IMO said it would like to see some strong emission reduction targets coming out of the UNFCCC process.
The IMO indicated it would like to see some strong emission reduction targets coming out of this UNFCCC process, and for the UNFCCC to set a cap on total shipping emissions. Considering issues of manufacture, ownership and operations of ships being across boundaries, as well as the international nature of the industry, the IMO and the ICAO both highlighted the importance of setting sectoral, industry-wise targets, action for which could then be undertaken by UN bodies IMO and ICAO.
Focus on the Government of India
The Indian government has come to Copenhagen under a storm of controversy provoked by the open opposition of some veteran negotiators and advisers to the GoI’s announced targets. The fate of two key negotiators – Ambassador Chandrashekhar Dasgupta and Dr Prodipto Ghosh – is not yet clear, though Ambassador Dasgupta was spotted in one of the informal meetings in the afternoon. The lndian delegation currently appears to be fielding just four negotiators – an extraordinarily small number given the importance of these negotiations. How is such a small team expected to cover and do justice to the many different meetings which are being held -each of which will required highly competent and experienced negotiators batting for India.
We will investigate this state of affairs and return with further updates tomorrow.
In terms of their substantive interventions in the negotiations, the GoI spoke in the SBSTA discussion on REDD, saying it was very essential (as has been flagged in LCA) that countries are aware of REDD+ activities that stand to qualify for incentives. India requested clear definitions and enumeration of the specific activities that qualify for REDD+ activities.
On monitoring systems, India felt it essential to assess the status of stabilized forest carbon stocks – which should be reflected clearly in monitoring. On the paragraph on independent review, India agreed with the United States on the need and such a process for all REDD and REDD+ activities – as it is essential that incentives to provide financial assistance be based on the ground results.
On international shipping and aviation under the SBSTA, India agreed with China that regulations proceed under UNFCCC resolutions and take into account all principles of the international climate regime. This move was supported by other non Annex I countries including Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and Brazil.
INDIA CLIMATE WATCH – Brought to you daily from Copenhagen by CSM
Day 1 – Tuesday 7 Dec 2009
Headline News
All eyes on Copenhagen
COP 15 opens with speech by Danish Prime Minsiter Lars Lokke Rasmussen. Urges negotiators to be ‘constructive, flexible, realistic, vigilant’ but still be ‘ambitous, courageous and visionary’ at the same time.
Yvo de Boer hopes Copenhagen Christmas cake will have three layers. Icing on cake = shared vision.
COP Plenary starts the negotiation process. AOSIS urges for legally binding outcome. Saudi Arabia rakes up hacked email and IPCC issue once again.
‘Who’s who’ to grace Copenhagen in week two: 110 Heads of State, Ban ki-Moon, Environment Ministers of many countries, Mayors of 70 mega cities.
AWG-LCA opening Plenary – Chair says ‘action is of essence’. Parties agree to work through single contact group.
France pushes EU for 30% reduction of emissions by 2020 below 1990 levels. Says 100% of its own emission reductions will be done domestically (in-house), announces public finance for Africa, LDCs and AOSIS, which could be through tax on financial transactions.
Key issues of the day
COP15 opened with an emotional video of a little girl who has had a nightmare about climate change, and wakes up and begs politicians to take action. The video was watched by over 2000 delegates and dignitaries including the Danish Prime Minister, as well as thousands of delegates from screens around the Bella Centre.
The Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen’s speech focused on building momentum for ‘Hopenhagen’. While he agreed that decisions would be difficult to make considering the varying perspectives on framing an agreement and its ‘precise content’, he placed the baton in the hands of the negotiators by relying critically on their technical and ‘diplomatic entrepreneurship’ skills to reach a multi-laterally agreeable, strong, ambitious and equitable deal. This deal would be placed before world leaders next Friday, and such a deal, he said, ‘must be founded in the Convention and track all aspects of the Bali Action Plan’. He also drew attention to civil society involvement, and advised negotiators to ‘listen to their advice’ since ‘we are their representatives’.
While the major part of the COP Plenaries were devoted to organizational issues, the Umbrella group of countries asked for emissions to peak ‘as soon as possible’, and called for the set up of financial mechanisms to support the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) in their mitigation and adaptation actions. The AOSIS was firm on the need for a legally binding outcome. Saudi Arabia brought up the issue of hacked emails of scientists from the University of East Anglia. This was after IPCC Chairman R.K. Pachauri’s opening ceremony speech, which focused largely on the robustness of IPCC data, and briefly touched on this issue as well.
The Ad-Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA) had agreed in Barcelona, that all subsequent work would be carried out under a single contact group (as opposed to one each for mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity building). The Chair urged Parties to focus initial discussions on substance rather than placement, with informal consultations as and when needed. The outcome of this is to be tabled on the 16th of December, at which time the ‘High Level Segment’ of the negotiations start.
The G77 and China indicated they would reject any attempts to shift attention to developing countries, since this would undermine the ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ commitment under the UNFCCC. The AOSIS highlighted the lack of urgency to act, which was evident in Bali in 2007, but not here. The AOSIS said they would not accept any agreement that lacks ambition, and were in full support of a legally binding outcome.
The Umbrella group indicated they were willing to reduce global emissions by half by 2050, according to national ability and along the lines of a pledge and review process. They indicated that while announcements by several developed and developing countries to cut their carbon emissions were a welcome step, these actions needed to be ‘internationalised’ in order for such actions to be transparent and subject to review. Several LDC countries including those of the Africa Group and Bangaladesh stressed on the need to focus on adaptation, and finance for adaptation in the form of sustained and predictable finance.
Norway asked for this process to send a strong signal to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and from the aviation sector to speed up the process of levies on shipping in order to account from emissions from shipping. Norway also asked for a focus on REDD, as it had ‘the fastest mitigation potential till 2020’, provided international monitoring of the process were in place.
The United States highlighted the importance of several countries making commitments to reduce their carbon emissions. The US’s own commitments, said Jonathan Pershing, included an emission reduction trajectory of 30% by 2025 and 43% by 2030 – in keeping with scientific requirements.
While several Annex 1 Parties alluded to the figure of 10 billion USD as financial commitments, Bolivia said this sum was insufficient, and that several trillions had been spent to save the Washington stock exchange.
Focus on the GOI
Key Indian negotiators were missing in action at the opening ceremony and the Plenaries of the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP (Ad-hoc Working Group – Kyoto Protocol) today, even as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh confirmed that he would attend the last two days at Copenhagen. Ex-IFS Chandrashekhar Dasgupta and ex-environment secretary Pradipto Ghosh – two core members of the Indian negotiating team – stayed back in India to ‘clarify’ some of the statements made by minister of Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh. They are due to arrive tomorrow. It is understood that the negotiators were concerned over India offering unreciprocated emission cuts – its most recent offer of 25% reduction in carbon intensity by 2020.
At the AWG-LCA, India said the AWG-LCA would be expected to complete its work in Copenhagen, and pursue a legally binding outcome. The Indian negotiator indicated that the suggested political agreement would be counter-productive, and that we must use the time prior to the high-level segment of the COP to deliver a mandate. It was indicated that developing countries are doing much more than developed countries although they are not under legal obligation to do so. Post-Copenhagen, it was necessary to ensure that the UNFCCC remains the foundation of any efforts, and not to undermine this process. The negotiator indicated that India stands behind the Bali Action Plan, the Kyoto Protocol and the UNFCCC, and that it was necessary to maintain the difference between the COP decisions and the high-level conference that is to take place at the end of the COP, and not to allow the outcomes of that conference to affect the workings of the COP.
India also indicated that the text for discussion must emerge from the AWG, and not an outside process – that a high-level segment cannot make such a decision. Also that aggregate emission reduction targets of Annex I countries should be the starting point for negotiations.